Under what condition can 'Urf' (localized custom or cultural practice) be integrated as a valid secondary source of law within Islamic jurisprudence?

The concept of 'Maqasid al-Shariah' refers to the overarching objectives of Islamic law. Which core value is part of the five fundamental preservation targets?

The wealth or property left by a deceased person is called?

In the methodology of Islamic legal derivation, the principle of 'Istihsan' (Juristic Preference), utilized heavily in Hanafi jurisprudence, translates to:

The secondary legal principle in Maliki and Hanbali jurisprudence known as **'Sadd al-Dharai'** is best defined as:

In the Islamic law of inheritance (Ilm al-Faraid), what fixed structural proportion of the deceased's estate is allocated to a single daughter if there are no surviving sons?

In Islamic terminology, a Waqf land is called?